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99: Devil in the Details
The Ottoman Empire and the Shift Toward African Exploitation
The defeat of the Ottoman Turks at the gates of Vienna in 1683 is cited as a turning point that allowed Western Europeans to focus their expansionist efforts southward into Africa. Following the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 in England, the merchant class clipped the wings of the monarchy and opened the slave trade to private entrepreneurs. This shift led to the development of "whiteness" as a formal doctrine of exploitation.