The "Red Summer" of 1919 is analyzed as a period where racial riots and the "Red Scare" intersected. In Chicago, the Black population doubled due to the Great Migration, leading to housing and job competition with European immigrants. The government feared that "serious" Black people were being radicalized by Bolsheviks, leading to the monitoring of Black newspapers by J. Edgar Hoover and the labeling of civil rights groups as communist fronts.